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KYC/AML

Know Your Customer and Anti-Money Laundering compliance requirements for identity verification and illicit finance prevention.

What Is KYC/AML?

KYC (Know Your Customer) and AML (Anti-Money Laundering) are regulatory compliance frameworks requiring financial institutions to verify customer identities and monitor transactions for suspicious activity. In crypto, KYC/AML is increasingly required for centralized exchanges, RWA products, and regulated DeFi offerings.

KYC Requirements

Identity Verification

  • Government-issued ID (passport, driver's license)
  • Proof of address (utility bill, bank statement)
  • Selfie verification (liveness check)
  • Social Security Number or tax ID

Enhanced Due Diligence

For higher-risk customers or larger transactions:

  • Source of funds verification
  • Source of wealth documentation
  • Business relationship purpose
  • Ongoing monitoring

AML Components

Transaction Monitoring

  • Suspicious activity detection
  • Pattern analysis
  • Threshold reporting

Sanctions Screening

  • OFAC (US) compliance
  • International sanctions lists
  • Politically exposed persons (PEP) checks

Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs)

Financial institutions must file SARs for potentially illicit activity.

KYC/AML in Crypto

Centralized Exchanges

All major CEXs (Coinbase, Kraken, Binance) require KYC for:

  • Account creation
  • Fiat on/off ramps
  • Higher withdrawal limits

RWA Products

Tokenized securities and treasury products require KYC:

  • Reg D compliance
  • Investor accreditation verification
  • Geographic restrictions

DeFi and KYC

Most DeFi protocols remain permissionless, but some trends:

  • Institutional pools with KYC (Aave Arc)
  • RWA products with gated access
  • Compliant stablecoin issuers

Travel Rule

FATF Travel Rule requires transmitting customer information for transfers above thresholds, affecting crypto transfers between VASPs (Virtual Asset Service Providers).

Privacy Considerations

KYC creates tensions with crypto's pseudonymous nature:

  • Data breach risks
  • Centralization of identity data
  • Exclusion of unbanked populations
  • Privacy concerns

Compliance Solutions

  • Identity verification services (Jumio, Onfido)
  • On-chain compliance (Chainalysis, TRM)
  • Zero-knowledge KYC solutions (emerging)

Examples

  • USDC redemption on Circle requires full KYC/AML verification

See this concept in action across live DeFi protocols.

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